Overview of Cancer Treatment Trials

Outline of Cancer Treatment Trials Knowing the Enemy In a time grasped by the guarantee of cytotoxic chemotherapy, a couple of contradicting voices was heard. Unpredictable chemotherapy couldn't be the main system to assault disease. To assault a malignancy cell, one expected to start by distinguishing its interesting natural conduct, and vulnerabilities. Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer Charles Huggins, a urological specialist at the University of Chicago, was a pro in infections of the bladder, kidney, private parts, and prostate. The prostate is a little pecan molded organ folded over the outlet of the urinary tract in men. Malignant growth of the prostate speaks to 33% of disease frequency in men, multiple times that of leukemia and lymphoma. In the late 1920s, by performing careful mutilation on hounds, Huggins found that the hormone testosterone kept both the ordinary and disease cells in the prostate alive. Instead of playing out a careful maiming on his patients, Huggins infused a female hormone into their bodies to restrain testosterone work. He called the strategy substance maiming. Similarly as with careful maiming, Huggins found that patients reacted to the treatment, with negligible symptoms. Be that as it may, a large number of the patients who reacted to the treatment in the end backslid. Beatsons Riddle In the late 1890s, a Scottish specialist named George Beatson had discovered that the expulsion of the ovaries from bovines changed the nature of their udders and modified their ability to lactate. Interested by the mystifying connection among ovaries and bosoms, Beatson precisely expelled the ovaries of three ladies with bosom malignant growth. To his wonder, the bosom tumors of his three patients shrank significantly after the medical procedure. In any case, when specialists in London attempted to apply the technique to a bigger gathering of ladies, just around 66% of the bosom malignant growth patients reacted. Illuminating the Riddle In the mid-1960s, Elwood Jensen, a youthful scientific expert in Chicago, working with Huggins, verged on understanding Beatsons enigma. He discovered that estrogen, the essential hormone emitted by the ovaries, worked by official to a receptor in an objective cell. He found that bosom malignant growth cases could be separated into two kinds, contingent upon whether its estrogen touchy or harsh, ER-positive and ER-negative tumors. ER-positive tumors, having the receptor, would react to Beatsons medical procedure. ER-negative tumors not having the receptor, would be inert. The least difficult approach to demonstrate this hypothesis was to dispatch an examination. In any case, the surgery had dropped outdated. An option was to utilize a medication to restrain estrogen work. In any case, Jensen had no such medication. Tamoxifen Trial Tamoxifen was an enemy of estrogen compound created by the hormone researcher Arther Walpole in the mid 1960s. In the mid year of 1969, Moya Cole, a Manchester oncologist work in bosom malignant growth, propelled a clinical preliminary at Christie Hospital in Manchester. Forty-six ladies with bosom malignant growth were treated with tamoxifen. The reaction was practically quick in ten patients. The tumors in the bosom and the lung metastases shrank. In any case, as Hugginss prostate malignant growth patients, a significant number of the patients who reacted to the treatment in the end backslid. Halsteds Ashes Moya Coles tamoxifen preliminary in 1969 was intended to treat ladies with late stage metastatic bosom malignant growth. Be that as it may, Cole pondered about an elective system. Imagine a scenario in which ladies with beginning time tumors were treated with tamoxifen. Bonadonnas Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial A comparable thought happened to a 33-year-old oncologist named Paul Carbone at the NCI ten years prior. Motivated by Min Chiu Li, Carbone had propelled a little preliminary in 1963 and discovered that including chemotherapy after medical procedure decreased the pace of backslide from bosom disease. Carbone and his group called this treatment adjuvant chemotherapy. It would evacuate minute stores of dangerous cells deserted after medical procedure, finishing the malignancy purifying assignment that the medical procedure had decided to do. In 1972, an Italian oncologist name Gianni Bonadonna proposed to the NCI a huge randomized preliminary to read adjuvant chemotherapy for beginning time bosom malignancy. In the mid year of 1973, Bonadonna started his preliminary by randomizing about 400 ladies half to treatment with CMF (a harmful three-sedate mixed drink) and half to no treatment. Bonadonna introduced his outcomes in the winter of 1975. About portion of the ladies in the no treatment bunch had passed while only 33% of the gathering accepting the adjuvant chemotherapy had backslid. So adjuvant chemotherapy had forestalled malignant growth backslides in around one in each six patients. The Fisher Adjuvant Tamoxifen Trial Imagine a scenario where the adjuvant treatment was finished with hormonal treatment rather than chemotherapy. In January 1977, Bernie Fisher selected 1,891 ladies with beginning time ER-positive bosom disease. He rewarded half with adjuvant tamoxifen and the other half with no tamoxifen. By 1981, he discovered that adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen decreased disease backslide rates by one-half. In 1985, Fisher announced that the impact of tamoxifen treatment was considerably increasingly sensational. Among the 500 ladies more seasoned than fifty relegated to each gathering, adjuvant tamoxifen had forestalled fifty-five backslides and passings. Exercises Learned By the 1980s, the old standards of treatment had advanced into new ideal models. Halsteds radical way to deal with assault disease cells was reawakened as adjuvant treatment. Ehrlichs enchantment projectile was resurrected as hormonal treatment. Albeit neither of these options offer complete fixes, these preliminaries had affirmed two significant standards of malignant growth science and disease treatment: These preliminaries carved the message that malignancy was heterogeneous. Malignancies came in assortment of structures, each with special organic practices. The heterogeneity was hereditary: some reacted to hormonal medicines, other not. What's more, the heterogeneity was anatomic: a few malignant growths were neighborhood, while others spread to inaccessible organs. Understanding that heterogeneity was of profound result. It was fundamental to know the malignancy as personally as conceivable before racing to treat it. For example, tamoxifen treatment just applies to ER-positive bosom diseases. Palliative Care Palliative consideration is the part of medication that centers around indication help and solace, established by Cecily Saunders, an English attendant, doctor and social laborer. She made a hospice in London in 1967 to think about the in critical condition and kicking the bucket. Tallying Cancer In November 1985, a Harvard scholar named John Cairns estimated the advancement in the War on Cancer by rejuvenating old records that had existed since World War II. He experienced the malignant growth vault, and state-by-state insights on disease related passings to get a picture of malignant growth after some time. He utilized the malignant growth vault to appraise the quantity of lives spared by the helpful advances since 1950 and partition these remedial advances into different classes. His discoveries were: (1)Less than 5 percent of patients determined to have malignant growth in America; and (2) Less than 10% of patients who might pass on of disease, had appreciated the advances in malignant growth treatment and screening. Cairns investigation was broadly persuasive, however it required some proportion of the near patterns in malignant growth mortality throughout the years. John Bailar and Elaine Smith from Harvard gave such an investigation in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 1986. Bailar-Smith Analysis In the investigation, Bailar-Smith didn't utilize endurance rate examination since endurance rate investigation can be delicate to inclinations, for example, malignant growth screenings. They utilized by and large mortality. To think about examples after some time, they standardized the populace to a similar norm. As per Bailar-Smith: Cancer-related passings had expanded by 8.7 percent from 1962 to 1985. The expansion reflected numerous components, however essentially as a result of the expansion in lung malignant growth brought about by the expansion in smoking rates in the United States. Bailar-Smith noticed that the 35 years of extraordinary endeavors to improve the treatment of malignancy must be made a decision about a certified disappointment. As Cairns had just called attention to, avoidance was the main mediation known to decrease the total mortality for an infection. Bailar contended that counteraction, as a technique, had been ignored by the NCI in its quest for fixes. Treatment systems got 80 percent of the cash while counteraction research got around 20 percent. A comparative inclination existed in private examination foundations. Bailar-Smith noticed, A move in research accentuation, from research on treatment to investigate on avoidance, appears to be essential if considerable advancement against malignancy is to be prospective

All That Is Sarcasm Free Essays

At the point when dolts show up every step of the way, or in any event, when a companion is being unintelligent, one can be effectively fomented with such inconveniences. In spite of the fact that brutality may appear to be a smart thought at that point, mockery is a superior methodology and it’s simpler on the knuckles. Mockery is less straightforward, in any case, so here are some fast tips to make those clever answers we as a whole love to such an extent. We will compose a custom exposition test on All That Is Sarcasm or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now With regards to mockery, all comments ought to be lightheartedâ€after all nobody loves a jolt. Pick an expression that isn’t excessively debasing, yet one that gets the point across so the individual knows they’re not being wise. For instance, if a companion says, â€Å"Wow, the sky is truly blue today,† a proper reaction could be, yet isn't constrained to, â€Å"No way! I thought it was purple. † Also, the utilization of mockery in serious situations is carefully beyond reach. In a memorial service setting, for example, mockery is taboo regardless of what the comment is. Recollect that mockery is progressively about being interesting and less about contorting a blade. To add to the cheerful nature, the best possible tone must be taken for mockery to pick up its proposed impact. Utilizing accentuation on various words will make mockery effectively perceivable. To represent, in the reaction ‘no way! I thought is was purple,’ overemphasize ‘no way’. In doing as such, the tone makes it outrightly clear that mockery is available. Be that as it may, don't underscore such a large number of words, or the expression will sound uneven and won't stream with the discussion. Recollect likewise not to place a lot of merriment in the tone or it might be difficult to keep a straight face. In the wake of dropping a mocking comment, it’s best to let the individual acknowledge as opposed to parting with it with insane giggling, so they don’t feel totally muddled. In spite of the fact that happiness and tone make mockery viable, timing is likewise a pivotal part. Having the option to think and react quickly is an absolute necessity particularly if the subject changes quickly. Fundamentally, when an individual says something meriting a mocking comment, rapidly state the comment before the discussion changes subject. In the ‘purple sky’ model, if the companion has just proceeded to discuss their preferred football crew, at that point the comment would get out of date. Despite the fact that it might appear as though utilizing wry comments at the ideal time is a simple errand, it takes some exertion. Ensure that the idea is finished at the ideal time, and on the off chance that it isn't, don’t feel constrained to state it. Presently go, trade careful words with companions and let the clever exchange result. There is no circumstance sufficiently ungainly, no power ground-breaking enough, and no stream sufficiently wide to stop the complexities of mockery. With timing, civility, and tone, a student will before long become an ace of all that is mockery. The most effective method to refer to All That Is Sarcasm, Papers

Poisoning Mother-In-Law

Poisoning Mother-In-Law A long time ago in China, a girl named Li-Li got married and went to live with her husband and mother-in-law.In a very short time, Li-Li found that she couldn’t get along with her mother-in-law at all. Their personalities were very different, and Li-Li was angered by many of her mother-in-law’s habits. In addition, she criticized Li-Li constantly.Days passed days, and weeks passed weeks. Li-Li and her mother-in-law never stopped arguing and fighting. But what made the situation even worse was that, according to ancient Chinese tradition, Li-Li had to bow to her mother-in-law and obey her every wish. All the anger and unhappiness in the house was causing the poor husband great distress. Finally, Li-Li could not stand her mother-in-law’s bad temper and dictatorship any longer, and she decided to do something about it.Li-Li went to see her father’s good friend, Mr. Huang, who sold herbs. She told him the situation and asked if he would give her some poison so that she could sol ve the problem once and for all. Mr. Huang thought for a while, and finally said, Li-Li, I will help you solve your problem, but you must listen to me and obey what I tell you.Li-Li said, “Yes, Mr. Huang, I will do whatever you tell me to do.” Mr. Huang went into the back room, and returned in a few minutes with a package of herbs.He told Li-Li, “You can’t use a quick-acting poison to get rid of your mother-in-law, because that would cause people to become suspicious. Therefore, I have given you a number of herbs that will slowly build up poison in her body.  Every other day prepare some delicious meal and put a little of these herbs in her serving. Now, in order to make sure that nobody suspects you when she dies, you must be very careful to act very friendly towards her. Don’t argue with her, obey her every wish, and treat her like a queen.”Li-Li was so happy. She thanked Mr. Huang and hurried home to start her plot of murdering her mother-in-law.Weeks went by, months went by, and every other day, Li-Li served the specially treated food to her mother-in-law. She remembered what Mr. Huang had said about avoiding suspicion, so she controlled her temper, obeyed her mother-in-law, and treated her like her own mother. After six months had passed, the whole household had changed.Li-Li had practiced controlling her temper so much that she found that she almost never got mad or upset. She hadn’t had an argument in six months with her mother-in-law, who now seemed much kinder and easier to get along with.The mother-in-law’s attitude toward Li-Li changed, and she began to love Li-Li like her own daughter. She kept telling friends and relatives that Li-Li was the best daughter-in-law one could ever find. Li-Li and her mother-in-law were now treating each other like a real mother and daughter.Li-Li’s husband was very happy to see what was happening.One day, Li-Li came to see Mr. Huang and asked for his help again. She said, “Mr. Huang, please help me to stop the poison from killing my mother-in-law! She’s changed into such a nice woman, and I love her like my own mother. I do not want her to die because of the poison I gave her.”Mr. Huang smiled and nodded his head. “Li-Li, there’s nothing to worry about. I never gave you any poison. The herbs I gave you were vitamins to improve her health. The only poison was in your mind and your attitude toward her, but that has been all washed away by the love which you gave to her.”Author Unknown Story Submitted by A.Bhatia abhatia146@gmail.com

The Reading Of Interest Is Anybody s Son Will Do By...

Summary The reading of interest is â€Å"Anybody’s Son Will Do† by Gwynne Dyer. The author was primarily focused on the intense resocialization civilians experience during military basic training. The idea is that those who enter basic are socialized into soldiers and killers, which in return creates efficiency. Dyer argues that any man can be changed through physical and mental pressure, isolation and exhaustion, all after losing their civilian identities. Dyer focuses on resocialization and the deprivation of individualism in the process of basic training for the civilians and also shows the drill sergeants point of view. The beginning of the article focuses on the emotion and feelings of killing a man in battle. Then starts to analysis†¦show more content†¦College freshman experience this as the move from a high school environment to life as a college student. The change in routine, surroundings, and language play a role in resocialization for college students. Also as talked about in the article, members of the Armed Services experience resocialization when they leave civilian life to join the army. Finally, changes in job and/or moving to another country are examples of modern day resocialization. Individualism: Individualism is the term that refers to the ways in which people identify themselves and focus their goals. Individualism gives priority to personal goals as opposed to the goals of a group or society. Once the men have stepped off the bus on Parris Island they give up every aspect of individualism, they are stripped of all valuables and given the same clothes and haircut which they will wear for the remainder of time. American cultures which are seen almost daily are the ability to voice your own opinion, choosing your personal perspective, and even just the choices you choose to make. Individualism is something that can differ between cultures, but most cultures share certain qualities. Social Norms: Social norms or more are the rules of behavior that are considered acceptable in a group or society. People who do not follow these norms may be shunned or suffer some kind of consequence. In the reading the civilians must form to the idea of the marines, BECOME a man. If the men chose

Similarities And Differences Between Salinger And Holden...

In the book, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†, Holden Caulfield has many conflicts and life lessons. Throughout the story the author, J.D. Salinger, creates events that make the main character realize that in life people change and grow. The message behind the story is let children grab the â€Å"gold ring† and you can’t always be the catcher in the rye. All of the things that make Holden who he is have many resemblances to the life of the author, J.D. Salinger. One of the similarities between Holden and Salinger’s lives are they both attended private schools. Holden attended many schools that he continuously got kicked out of. The main school focused on in the story was Pencey Prep. Holden got ejected from Pencey as a result of failing four†¦show more content†¦Holden doesn’t want to talk about his life, or go into any personal details. Salinger tried to avoid any interaction with the media, and didn’t want to talk about his life. In 1 987 Salinger inhibited the publication of his biography by Ian Hamilton. He didn’t want his biography published, nor talked about, like Holden. Another similarity is when salinger was young he wanted to become a drama writer and actor, and in the story Holden’s brother was a Hollywood writer. In the story Salinger wrote, â€Å" . Salinger grew up in New York City, and majority of the book â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† took place in New York City. D.B. and Salinger have another similar feature. Salinger entered the military in 1942. While Salinger was in the war he wrote. He published â€Å"Slight Rebellion of Madison† in 1946, but it later became â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye†. Holden’s brother also wrote while he was in the military. The war both gave them something to write about. In the book Salinger wrote, â€Å"My brother D.B. was in the Army for four years. He was in the war, too—he landed on D-Day and all—but I really think he hated the Army worse than the war. I was practically a child at the time, but I remember when he used to come home on furlough and all, all he did was lie on his bed, practically. He hardly ever even came in the living room. Later, when he went overseas and was inShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Huckleberry Finn And Ho lden Caulfield771 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger are arguably two of the most popular American novels. Both novels have withstood the test of time through their timeless themes and relatable characters. Their protagonists, Huckleberry Finn and Holden Caulfield, are memorable and unique with their own distinctive personality traits. Due to each characters originality, it is interesting to note the similarities and differences between them. Huckleberry Finn and Holden Caulfield are alike in that they both lieRead MoreComparison Of IM Crazy By J. D. Salinger746 Words   |  3 PagesWhen J.D. Salinger went to war, he not only affected his own life, but also the life of Holden Caulfield. Similarities between Salinger and Caulfield are too numerous to write off as coincidence: both went to and flunked out of prep schools, and both had a penchant for language classes. Salinger’s life greatly impacted the plot and style of his works because Salinger used himself as inspiration for Holden, as demonstrated through â€Å"I’m Crazy†, â€Å"Slight Rebellion off Madison†, and The Catcher in theRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye as a Coming-of-Age Story Essay841 Words   |  4 Pagesthere TWO Holden Caulfields in the book, and what is the difference between them? The novel ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ by J.D Salinger is a coming-of-age story. It follows the short tale of Holden Caulfield, a sixteen year old boy, who throughout his experiences in the novel, changes and becomes more mature and independent. The story essentially has two Holden Caulfields, the one telling the story, and the one that the story is being told about. This essay will look at the differences and similaritiesRead MoreMark David Chapman and The Cather in the Rye847 Words   |  3 Pagesmurdering Lennon. In court, Chapman used the novel as his statement and even signed his copy of the novel as â€Å"Holden Caulfield,† the novel’s protagonist, believing himself to actually be Caulfield. Because of this, John Lennon and the book will be eternally connected. However, Lennon’s death is not the only parallel to be drawn between Holden Caulfield and Lennon; the similarities between Holden and Lennon are almost uncanny. Their views on religion are virtually identical; and if they were to be switchedRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Analysis1434 Words   |  6 Pagescontaining heroic protagonists; Holden Caulfield of The Catcher in the Rye is not one of these classic heroes. The article Some Crazy Cliff by Arthur Heiserman and James E. Miller Jr. provides one interpretation of the novel suggesting that the protagonist is unique compared to others commonly found in American literature; most heroes are seeking acceptance while Holden is seeking something within the society he is trying to leave. The novel follows Holden Caulfield, a young boy who recently flunkedRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesJ.D Salinger’s fictional novel ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ explores ideas of coming of age and challenging society’s morals through the life of Holden Caulfield, the young protagonist of the novel. The term ‘coming of age’ can be defined as when someone reaches an important stage i n development and is accepted by a large number of people. The word ‘morals’ is concerned with the principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction of right and wrong. Themes such as innocence, isolation and youth resideRead MoreSalinger s The Rye 1527 Words   |  7 PagesCatcher in the Rye is a novel written by J.D Salinger, it follows 17-year-old Holden Caulfield throughout the days following his expulsion from Pencey Prep. The book dives into Holden’s unstable mind as he recounts his story from a rest home, often feeling confused, lost and mad at the world. This underlining theme of teenage angst has become very popular and finds itself in various works of modern day media such as the television show the Fosters. The Fosters follows the story of a similarly troubledRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye 1080 Words   |  5 PagesReaching adulthood for many individuals leaves them instilled with curiosity and unaware of what to come. C haracters like Iggy Slocomb and Holden Caulfield are lead through a journey of self-driven motifs to better understanding there true place in life and adjusting accordingly. Nonetheless there view on society has left them believing hypocrisy is a trait carried through many, and thus falsely believing they are exempt from it. Hypocrisy is viewed as the process of stating moral standards or beliefsRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye by J. D. Salinger and Looking For Alaska by John Green1729 Words   |  7 Pagesyoung adulthood, provide an insight on the commonalities and differences between these two generations and their unique American experiences. The two novels written by J.D. Salinger and John Green, respectively, were written fifty-four years apart, but their similarities are nonpareil. In fact, Green cites The Catcher In The Rye as an inspiration for his novel. The Catcher In The Rye and Looking For Alaska display similarities between two different generations through macabre inte rnal conflicts,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By F. D. Salinger898 Words   |  4 PagesHuck Finn and Holden Caulfield may seem to be complete opposites at first glance; however, in fact they’re extremely similar. Huck Finn, the lead protagonist in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, is an adolescent boy who was abandoned by his father at a young age. When his father returned Huck ran away and went on an adventure with a runaway slave named Jim. Similarly Holden Caulfield also went on an adventure during which he made several self-discoveries. In The Catcher in the Rye

Organisation Culture Free Essays

string(49) " that lie at the heart of the corporate culture\." Introduction Social scientists and researchers delved into the idea of organisational culture as an important component of organisational theory in the past. Brown (1998) identified four different sources of organisational culture which stems from climate research, national cultures, human resources management, and from conviction approaches. This piece of work critically evaluates organisational cultures in the Early Years settings. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first part looks at the theoretical background to the evolution of organisational culture its importance and types. The second part examines the link between leadership, organisation culture and change management with analysis from experience as an EYP. It also looks at key factors that influence change, problems with change and techniques for implementing change in Early Years settings. The final part is a conclusion and a suggestion of possible measures to effect change in Early Years settings. What is organisational Culture? It is important for one to understand what culture means. The elementary definition is by (Martins and Martins 2003) who defined culture as ‘a system of shared meaning held by members, distinguishing the organisation from other organisations’ Again Arnold (2005, p 625) explains that ‘organisational culture is the distinctive norms, beliefs, principles and ways of behaving that combines to give each organisation its distinct character’. From the above two definitions culture therefore refers to the underlying values, beliefs and codes of practice that makes an organisation what it is. The way of life of that organisation, the self-image of its members, the things that make it different from others, are its culture. Importance of Organisational Culture The main reason for organisational cultures is to stipulate the way of doing things in order to give meaning to organisational life (Arnold 2005). This is important because the staff members need to benefit from lessons of previous members. Organisational culture also determines organisational behaviour by identifying principal goals, work methods, how members should interact and address each other; and how to conduct personal relationships (Harrison 1993) Furthermore, (Brown 1998 p. 89-91) states the functions of organisational culture s follow: * Conflict reduction- A common culture promotes consistency of perception, problem definition, evaluation of issues and opinions, and preferences for action. coordination and control- Because culture promotes consistency of outlook it also facilitates organisational processes of coordination and control * Reduction of uncertainty- Cultural mindset reduces anxiety which makes the work place a simple, choices easier and rational actions possible * Motivation- An appropriate and cohesive culture offers workers a focus of identification and loyalty foster belief and values that encourages workers to perform. Types of Organisational Culture Organisational culture has been classified into different categories by researchers of which the most commonly used one is Handy (1993). He noted four main category of organisational culture namely, power culture, role culture, task culture and person culture. Power culture There are some organizations where the power remains in the hands of only few people and only they are authorized to take decisions. They are the ones who enjoy special privileges at the workplace. They are the most important people at the workplace and are the major decision makers. These individuals further delegate responsibilities to the other employees. In such a culture the subordinates have no option but to strictly follow their superior’s instructions. The employees do not have the liberty to express their views or share their ideas on an open forum and have to follow what their superior says. The managers in such a type of culture sometimes can be partial to someone or the other leading to major unrest among others. Task Culture Organizations where teams are formed to achieve the targets or solve critical problems follow the task culture. In such organizations individuals with common interests and specializations come together to form a team. There are generally four to five members in each team. In such a culture every team member has to contribute equally and accomplish tasks in the most innovative way. Person Culture There are certain organizations where the employees feel that they are more important than their organization. Such organizations follow a culture known as person culture. In a person culture, individuals are more concerned about their own self rather than the organization. The organization in such a culture takes a back seat and eventually suffers. Employees just come to the office for the sake of money and never get attached to it. They are seldom loyal towards the management and never decide in favour of the organization. One should always remember that organization comes first and everything else later. Role culture Role culture is a culture where every employee is delegated roles and responsibilities according to his specialization, educational qualification and interest to extract the best out of him. In such a culture employees decide what best they can do and willingly accept the challenge. Every individual is accountable for something or the other and has to take ownership of the work assigned to him. Power comes with responsibility in such a work culture. Organisation Culture as evidenced in Early Years Setting From the above discussions so far it is eminent that organisation culture is inevitable way of life that can be found in every institution. This section focuses on how organisation culture influences the effective running of nurseries and infant schools in other words, how successful these types of culture mentioned in our earlier discussion positively or negatively affects the day to day running of nurseries. From experience working in Early Years settings each setting has its own culture and way of doing things that enables them to successfully achieve their goals. Research reveals that there is relationship between culture and an organisation’s success. Relating this idea in the context of Early Years Settings one can say that there is a definite relationship between culture and a setting’s success. Deal and Kennedy (1982) argue that culture is the single most important factor that determines the success or failure in an organisation. They identified four key dimensions of culture: * Values – the beliefs that lie at the heart of the corporate culture. You read "Organisation Culture" in category "Essay examples" * Heroes – the people who embody values. * Rites and rituals – routines of interaction that have strong symbolic qualities. The culture network – the informal communication system or hidden hierarchy of power in the organization. Again Peters and Waterman (1982) emphasise on the importance of organisational intangibles such as values and heroes. They suggest a psychological theory of the link be tween organizational culture and performance. According to them ‘culture can be looked upon as a reward of work; we sacrifice much to the organization and culture is a form of return on effort’. From the above researches so far it is evident that culture exists in every organisation including Early Years Settings. The next paragraph describes observation from two organisations I worked as part of my placement. A particular focus is an evaluation of the merits and demerits of these cultures as noticed in these organisations. Organisation 1 Features * Routine planning is done by leader for the next day * Staff follows strictly what has been planned * Staff needs to consult leader at each stage of daily routine there7 * No flexibility * Leader style is autocratic * There is no hierarchy * There are informal groups within who are often friends that â€Å"get on well† with each other therefore sees any new staff as threat. Evaluation Oganisation1 exhibits power culture, part of the reason perhaps been the fact that the leader is the only highly qualified member with the subordinates possessing basic qualification. The merits of this type of culture are it unifies the each one’s effort behind the vision of the leader as everyone strives hard to please the leader. Again it can provide certainty and focus and reduces conflicts and confusion since the leader is the absolute decision maker. The demerits are that, staff turn to give the bosses wishes a priority even if it interferes with a vital decision on individual level. People do not question the leader even if he or she is wrong. Leaders also could break rules and take personal privileges thereby restricting the flow of information to only friends and allies. Furthermore, people are promoted by been loyal to the leader even when they are not competent. Finally because there are informal groups within the organisation with personal interest there is a tendency of rivalry ‘set up each other† attitude among staff in an attempt to please the leader. Organisation 2 Features * Planning and preparation is done as a team * There is some flexibility in routine Leadership style exhibits both democratic and autocratic * There is hierarchy of job roles and specialisation by each member * There is bureaucracy in decision making * Work is controlled by procedures and rules that spells out each member’s role Evaluation A close study of organisation 2 show a role culture one merit of which is the fact that there are clear rules and guidelines th at protects each staff member from exploitation, abusive use of power and position. This in turn provides a sense of security and confidence to staff to carry on their daily duty without any fear or intimidation. Secondly, there are well designed structures in place this enable new staff members to know quickly what to do at what time and when to do this. This further help new members to â€Å"fit well† among existing staff which motivates them to freely interact with everybody. Again staff members do not hold back information but share freely among staff which is necessary for any good teamwork. On the contrary, this type of organisation culture has some demerits. Job roles are strictly defined that it does not enable staff members with special abilities to flourish. In other words, members stick to their job roles as prescribed by the rules. The problem with this practice is that it turns to generate a blame culture among staff. It could lead to individualism depending on the size and spectrum of the setting in that, each department only share among themselves and no one else. Finally it can be difficult for staff to get approval for changes because of bureaucracy and procedures. Staff may give up and stick to their normal roles. As noted by Harrison (1993 p. 34) that ‘it is a sin to exceed one’s authority or deviate from accepted procedures. From the above discussion so far one can say that both cultures have their merits and demerits but overall role culture shows an example of healthy organisational culture as compared to power culture. It is again notable from the evaluation that both of the organisations discussed so far have leaders to direct the affairs. This leads to one important question that needs consideration – d o leaders mould the shape of Early Years Settings or do the settings mould the leaders? The next section critically examines this. Does leadership influence organisational culture? From ordinary point of view and experience as workers we all worked under some form of leadership and most often we end up following leadership directives and procedures. Again we often hear that some leaders are competent and perform brilliantly in one organisation but struggle to make impact when they are moved into another organisation to perform the same level of duty. Similarly we also function effectively when placed into one team but when moved to another team we struggle to understand the routines. The question of whether leadership influence organisational culture would be two sided answer in that both influence each other. As much as good leadership is vital for the success of any organisation so is effective organisational culture essential in putting necessary structures in place for staff members to operate effectively. To support the above notion early research shows that leadership affects organizational form, culture, and practices. Founders of organizations establish the initial culture of their organizations (Schneider, Goldstein, Smith, 1995), and founders and subsequent leaders continue to influence the organizational culture (Schein, 1992). It is therefore notable that in most organisations new leaders try to follow the practices and culture laid down by their predecessors with some improvements. Another dimension of influence can be linked to leader effectiveness and acceptance by staff members. One can therefore say that leader acceptance influences leader effectiveness and leader effectiveness influence leader acceptance. In fact they are interdependent. Furthermore societal cultural values and practices also affect organizational culture and practices. Societal culture has a direct influence on organizational culture, as the shared meaning that results from the dominant cultural values, beliefs, assumptions, and implicit motives endorsed by culture (House, Wright, and Aditya, 1997). Thus, the attributes and behaviours of leaders are, in part, a reflection of the organizational practices, which in turn are a reflection of societal cultures (Kopelman, Brief, Guzzo, 1990). The next paragraphs looks at organisational culture, leadership and how to handle change in Early Years settings. Organisational Culture and Change management in Early Year Settings This part delves into the principles of change management, the key factors that influence change, problems with change and techniques for implementing change in Early Years settings. Organisational change can be a complex process and therefore needs to be handled carefully as pointed out by (Frenkel, 2003) that Organisational change is a process that affects employees at all level in an organisation. Any new policies or changes to introduce could have both positive as well as negative effect. (Schneider amp; Rentsch 1988) also re-iterated that in dealing with the management of organisational culture, it is firstly necessary to identify as fully as possible the attributes of the existing or new target culture — the myths, symbols, rituals, values and assumptions that underpin the culture’. Early Years settings have their own cultures in place as discussed earlier and any attempt to introduce a change or an improvement to the existing cultures could lead to resistance in many forms including overt comments such as ‘we are ok with how we do things’ or ‘Oh here we go again we have been through a lot of changes already which never worked’. In view of this there are a number of factors that influence the process of change. Key influences on the change process One important factor that counts towards the success of change is commitment to change. This is true because change is most likely to be successful if staffs understand the reason for the change and show willingness and commitment. Another factor that influences change can be found in a model by (Herscovitch and Meyer 2002). According to the model commitment to organisational change comprises of three construct: Affective, Normative and Continuance to change. Affective commitment to change is based on the realisation of the benefits associated to change. Normative commitment to change is the sense of obligation an employee feels towards the organisation. Continuance commitment to change is based on the realisation of the fact that there are costs associated to the failure to support the change. All or a combination of these types play are vital factors that influence a change. Furthermore, timing and pace of change can be a crucial influence in making a change successful. This is true when a change agent introduces one thing at a time and takes time to make sure that all recipients embrace the idea and gradually tried and test it. Finally resistance to change is a major factor that influences change. It is important to understand the people who will be involved in the process ie those engaged in it and those who will feel the consequence of it. Resistance to change could happen as a result of breakdown in communication between the change agent and recipient of change or a failure on the part of the change agent to legitimise the change after it has successfully been put in place. Techniques to implementing and managing change as EYP From the earlier discussions it is found out that organisational culture, leadership and change management are interrelated. This section outlines the role of EYP in implementing a successful change to a perceived organisational culture in Early Years settings. The techniques for change below are among numerous suggestions which is adapted from the work of John P. Kotter’s: The 8 steps process of leading Change. Although he explains this in the context of profit making business organisations I believe this can be very useful in the context of leading a change in Early Years Settings. Establishing a sense of urgency This involves discussing crisis and identifying potential threats and opportunities. EYPs as a leader of change should not allow too much complacency from staff – This happens when complacency levels are high for example comments like â€Å"yes we have our problems, but they aren’t that terrible and we’re doing our job just fine† This kind of comments reflects the mind-set of some staff members which might not necessarily be their fault but rather the organisational culture that existed long before some members were employed. The role of an EYP is to always look out for ways of improvement and create a sense of urgency among subordinates. Creating a powerful guiding coalition It is vital for EYP’s to collaborate with key members of staff to lead the change and encourage them to work as a team. This is where leadership plays an important role. A leader of change cannot work in isolation but mobilise specific skilled personnel within to work on aspects of the culture that needs changing. Developing a change vision One of the most common errors in leading a change is underestimating the power of vision. Vision plays a useful role in bringing about successful change by helping to direct, align and inspire actions on the part of large number of people. As a new EYP, it can be challenging when you find yourself among experienced staff that have been on the job for many years. This is where resilience and confidence play a part in getting the vision across. The most important thing is to believe that your vision is accomplishable if you put the necessary procedures in place. Communicating the vision for buy-in Communication is essential for the ideal EYP if any vision is perceived. This problem is what John Kotter described as ‘under-communicating the vision by a factor of 10 (100 or even 1000)’. There are a number of good ideas and that never materialise as a result of poor communication. Communication in this context is not just a matter of assembling staff to announce the vision. It is a matter of seeking opinions and engaging in a dialogue with the recipients of the change in a calm and sensible manner. Occasionally those who resist the change would pretend not to be aware of the vision have no knowledge about it. Your role as a professional should focus on getting the message once again to them and ensure that they understand it. Empowering Broad-based Action Actions should be based on building a sense of community that understands that there is a need for change. This would minimise hindrances to the progress of the vision. As an EYP it is advisable to prevent obstacles to block your efforts in making a contribution to change. New initiatives fail when employees, even though they embrace a new vision feels disempowered by huge obstacles in their paths. Occasionally the obstacles are in people’s head and the challenge is to convince them that no external obstacles exist. One well-placed blocker can stop an entire change process. Generate Short-term wins Failing to create short-term wins will act as a disincentive to some people. Some people will not carry on unless they see a compelling evidence of success. Without this some may give up and join the resistance. As the change takes off, there should be plans in place to track changes in performance then recognise and reward employees involved in the improvement accordingly. Consolidate improvement and produce more change Sometimes we get too excited when a vision takes off and we start hearing success stories such that we end up with declaration of premature victory. As a leader of change it is vital to build on present victory or consolidate the change so that not attempt in any form will collapse it. This is not to say that EYPs should not celebrate success if they achieve their vision, it brings a positive change in their setting which is of course vital as a motivating tool in that it helps achieve self-actualisation. However they should use the early wins to further change systems and structures that would support the vision for good. Institutionalise new approaches Finally when the change has occurred, it is the role of the leader to anchor changes firmly in the corporate culture- two important approaches in anchoring new changes in organisational culture firstly, is a conscious attempt to show people how specific behaviours and attitudes have helped improve performance. When people are left to make their own connections they can easily create wrong links. e. g. Our nursery is rated the first and oversubscribed by parents last year when Irene Attrams was the leader so it must be as a result of her ‘flamboyant and zero tolerance or no nonsense behaviour’, rather than the new ‘every child matters’ strategy that had in fact, made the difference. It is therefore necessary to lay down policies and legitimise them so that all staffs can see which actions lead to success instead rather than the leader. Conclusion What constitutes organisational culture and its perceived role in organisational success are challenged to originate from perceptions of culture. This could be historically-based rooted from the founder’s initial ideas, society of environment in which the setting operate, or a pure influence from the past and present leaders. Change management is one of the challenging aspects of EYPs role couple with the fact that the EYP qualification is still at the stage of full recognition. Nevertheless the role of EYP as a leader of change has become laudable especially with the government’s decision to shift from just a babysitting era into early year professionalism with a set of directives detailing what is seen as best practice. In the current era more emphasis is laid on a set of qualifications as well as personal attributes necessary for leadership in Early Years setting. Researchers however fear that this will make the work of the EYP more mechanistic. For instance (Rike and Sharp, 2008) stated that ‘We prefer to think more in terms of the qualities and ‘professional dispositions’ that can be seen in practice, such as having a caring attitude, valuing early education, reflecting carefully on the way children learn, gaining relevant qualifications and showing a desire to change practice’. Moss, 2010) therefore suggest that they should be seen as dispositions that may be refined and developed by a considered exploration of values, beliefs, attributes, professional and personal heritage and professional competencies. This moves away from the notion of practitioners being seen as ‘implementers’ of policies, competencies and technical skills. The is however an evidence of bright future for the EYPs as leaders and managers of change. In July 2009 a survey was commissioned by CWDC to undertake the longitudinal study of the role and impact of Early Years Professional Status. The research was a three-year investigation of the role and impact of Early Years Professionals on their settings and on practitioners’ career development and aspirations through two national surveys of EYPs and case studies based in 30 early years settings across England. The survey asked practitioners to rate the impact of gaining EYPS across a number of skills, dispositions and understandings drawn from the EYPS standards. These range from developing their own knowledge and skills and those of colleagues through to working with children and parents and their use of observations to assess children’s cognitive and social development. The overall responses are extremely positive across all six areas of the standards. The highest level of agreement (92 per cent) is in the area of their own knowledge and skills development, with lower levels of impact reported in the areas of observing children’s learning (74 per cent) and social development (73 per cent). (Hadfield M. , Waller T. 2011) In view of the above there is remarkable evidence that the EYPs have acquired the highest skills in their own delepment which is necessary to become a leader of change in any setting they find thelselves. Charles Handy’s Model of Organisation culture http://www. managementstudyguide. com/charles-handy-model. htm Charles Handy (Understanding organisations, 4th edition, Penguin Books 1993) http://www. cihm. leeds. ac. uk/document_downloads/new_nla_paper_leadership_and_culture__2_. pdf Arnold, J. 2005. Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace, 4th edition. London: Prentice Hall Financial Times. Brown, A. 1998. Organisational Culture, 2nd edition. London: Financial Times Pitman Publishing. Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-454. Schneider, B. , Goldstein, H. W. , ; Smith, D. B. (1995). The ASA Framework: An update. Personnel Psychology, 48, 747-783. Schneider, B. ; Rentsch, J. 1988, ‘Managing Climates and Cultures: A Futures Perspective’, in Futures of Organizations, ed. J. Hage, Lexington Books, Massachusetts. Harrison, R. 1993. Diagnosing Organizational Culture: Trainer’s Manual. Amsterdam: Pfeiffer ; Company. Herscovitch L. Meyer J. P. 2002) Commitment to Organisational Change: Extension of a three component model . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87, 474-487. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press. Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership: A dynamic view (2nd ed. ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. House, R. J. , ; Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of Management, 23(3), 409-473. Kopelman, R . E. , Brief, A. P. , ; Guzzo, R. A. (1990). The role of climate and culture in productivity. In B. Schneider (Ed. ), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 282-318). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Martins, N. ; Martins, E. 2003. ‘Organisational culture’, In Robbins, S. P. , Odendaal A. ; Roodt, G. (eds), Organisational Behaviour: Global and Southern African Perspectives. Cape Town: Pearson Education South Africa. Rike, C. and Sharp, L. K. (2008) ‘Assessing pre-service teachers’ dispositions: a critical dimension of professional preparation’, Childhood Education, 84 (3): 150–3. Moss, P. (2010) ‘We cannot continue as we are: the educator in an education for survival’, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 11 (1): 8–19. Kotter J. P. â€Å"Why Transformation Efforts Fail† Harvard Business Review (March-April 1995): 61 Kotter J. P. (1996) ‘Leading Change’ Harvard Business Press Hadfield M. , Waller T. (2011) ‘EYPs are a force for good’ University of Wolverhampton’s Centre for Development and Applied Research in Education. at http://www. nurseryworld. co. uk/news/1051102/Analysis-EYPs-force-good/ . How to cite Organisation Culture, Essay examples

Methods and Tools in User-Centred Designs - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Methods and Tools in User-Centred Designs. Answer: Introduction The report explores the digital disruption, which occurred with the advent of Uber Company, which is based on the sharing economy. It is a global taxi company with headquarters in San Francisco, California. The company designs a mobile application which acts as a medium between passengers and the taxi drivers. Uber is considered as the epitome of shared economy and digital disruption as it has been one of the primary company to disrupt a current industry abruptly (Pwc, 2017). Therefore, the phenomenon of digital disruption is also known as Uberization. The Uber drivers have their own cars and they avail the mobile application to find the customers. It is one of the pioneer company for Uberisation. Introduction to the Case The Uber application software is installed by both drivers and users for sharing cab. It is convenient way of finding a taxi in the nearby area. It follows the upfront pricing method in which the rider is quoted a price after he enters the drop location. Other than that, the fares of the company are based on the dynamic pricing method in which the fares becomes high at the time of high demand. The same route costs different to different users at different time. However, the increased usage of Uber and other ride sharing companies has negatively affected the value of taxi medallions in different cities. Previously, they used to play a cortical role in providing taxi services at the specific time and duration. However, their profits have declined over the time. Uber has also disrupted the taxi services and previous structure of taxi industry. Most of the taxi drivers have installed the application and charge the fare as per the policy of the organization (Pemberton, 2017). Although a large number of drivers are working with the organization, the legal arrangement is that of contractors instead of employees. As a result, taxes, working hours and other benefits are not provided to the drivers. WCA before the digital disruption Customers Products Services High-class people Travel services Major Activities or Processes Traditionally, in the taxi industry, the drivers used to operate independently or with the help of medallion. The drivers used to stand at the major traffic area and the people can avail the services through it. Other than that, the taxi drivers can be called through medallion or through their individual contact numbers. The drivers can charge the riders as per the standard rates. They also had freedom to accept or decline a ride. Participants Information Technologies There are several participants in the taxi industry. The first is government, which set the rules and regulations in the taxi industry. The set the standard rates in the industry. Other stakeholder is the medallion who serves as a link between the consumers and the taxi drivers. The taxi drivers drive their vehicle across the city. The consumers are other stakeholders. The responsibility of safety and security of the consumer is biggest concern. Therefore, he federation of the drivers as well as governments of most of the countries have made it mandatory to conduct a background check of drivers. There is several critical information required in the taxi industry. It includes the background check and information of the drivers (Stanton, Salmon, Walker Jenkins, 2017). The drop location of the riders is also necessary for running the taxi system. Along with it, the drivers must be aware of the latest rates and price in the taxi industry. Telephone and internet services are required to book a cab in the industry (Zaphiris Kurniaswan, 2007). WCA after the digital disruption Customers Products Services General public With low rates, students and working professionals have also started using the service Ride sharing service, sharing with other customers, food delivery services, outstation rentals Major Activities or Processes With the advent of Uber, the dynamics or the major activities of transport industry has been changed. A mobile application is used to control the inflow of the customers and the taxi drivers. Previously, the taxi drivers used to have issue in accessing the users or the cab drivers. The mobile application has increased the comfort of both the cab drivers as well as the riders. The users can book a cab by sitting at the comfort of their home. They can easily book a ride and ask the driver to pick them up from their home. It is similar to a personalized chauffer service. On the other hand, the drivers can get immediate access to all the users in the nearby location. They can select a customer as per the travel time or their direction of route. The driver and the user do not have to further struggle over the charge and it is automatically calculated by the mobile application. The users can also choose to pay from their online payment methods or through the cash. It increases the convenie nce and the comfort of the users. Participants Information Technologies There are several participants in the taxi services. The government plays a crucial role in the price determination of the services. The government set some standard rates, which are needed to be maintained by the taxi drivers. They are called the base rates. The taxi drivers have to comply by it (Galer, Ziegler Galer, 2016). Currently, Uber has been in issues with several governments because of employment and the user privacy laws. The drivers are termed as independent contractors and they are not given employment benefits. In several countries, the company has been under the government radar due to several cases, which breaches the consumer security. The information pertaining to the users is confidential and should not be shared or revealed. The users share their name and mobile number while booking the cab. However, this information should not be used for any malicious purpose. As discussed above, Uber follows a dynamic pricing model. As a result, the company needs to collect information regarding the peak hours at a particular location. It also needs to collect information regarding the personal background of the drivers. This information needs to be verified and authenticated. Uber is a technology-based company and needs mobile application to handle all the operations. Other than that, it needs appropriate infrastructure and population so that the profits can be generated through the application (Khosla, Damiani Grosky, 2012). Problem Identification It can be identified that in the previous structure of the taxi industry, the customers as well as the taxi drivers used to have issues to access each other. The intermediary used to take unnecessary commissions. Moreover, the overall access to the riders was also limited. The taxi drivers have access to limited profitability. The customers also do not have proper access to the taxi drivers. However, there are several issues in the contemporary mobile application too. The foremost issue is that of the customer safety. There should be additional features in the mobile application, which assures the safety of the customers. The company should also take initiative to assure the safety and security of the drivers. Recommendations In order to address these issues, the company should make clear policies in its system. A thorough background check should be made mandatory for the drivers. It will examine the previous criminal record and other information for the drivers. It is an important step to maintain the safety of the customers. Due to a few legal cases, a negative air is created surrounding the company. The company should design appropriate marketing efforts so that this negative air is diminished (Baines Fill Page, 2013). The marketing campaign should be designed as per the local culture and customer choice. Implementation Plan In order to conduct a background check for the drivers, the company should develop a clear policy. All the subsidiaries and local branches should abide by the policy. Other than that, the organization should also offer incentives and other employee motivation techniques to keep the employees motivated. The company should design unique marketing campaign according to the local culture of the country (Baker Hart, 2016). It will increase the attractiveness of the product. The company can also adapt the product as per the local culture of the country. Conclusion It can be concluded that digital disruption is a significant phenomenon, which can change the dynamics of the entire industry. The taxi industry was disrupted with the advent of Uber, a ride sharing service. It develops a mobile application through which the consumers and the drivers can access each other. Several recommendations have been identified in the report. An implementation plan has been proposed to address the situation. References Baines, P., Fill, C. Page, K. (2013). Essentials of Marketing. OUP Oxford. Baker, M.J., Hart, S. (2016). The Marketing Book. Routledge. Galer, M., Ziegler, J., Galer, M. (2016). Methods and Tools in User-Centred Design for Information Technology. Elsevier. Khosla, R., Damiani, E., Grosky, W. (2012). Human-Centered e-Business. Springer Science Business Media. Stanton, N.A., Salmon, P.M., Walker, G.H., Jenkins, D.P. (2017). Cognitive Work Analysis: Applications, Extensions and Future Directions. CRC Press. Zaphiris, P., Kurniaswan, S. (2007). Human-Computer Interaction Research in Web Design and Evaluation. Idea Group Inc (IGI). Pwc. (2017). Uber, digital and disruption: whats happening and why does it work? [Online]. Available at: https://digital.pwc.co.nz/ideas/uber-digital-and-disruption-whats-happening-and-why-does-it-work/ [Accessed on: 4 January 2017]. Pemberton, A. (2017). Uber is everything that is wrong with disruption. The Campaign. [Online]. Available at: https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/uber-everything-wrong-disruption/1440077 [Accessed on: 4 January 2017].

The 1997 World Youth Day in France Essay Sample free essay sample

God leads you to happen Him in the topographic point that you least anticipate. A friend of mine was a really active Christian young person leader and had the opportunity to be a portion of the celebrated World Youth Day jubilation in Paris. France back in 1997. She looked frontward to it! Like in most celebrations that involved Pope John Paul II. it was publically hailed as really successful. However. my friend who came from the Philippines said that it was non as well-planned and she had a hard clip taking her deputation because of the unexpected disorganisation of the facilitators they were assigned to. They had a batch of problem with nutrient because they were told that tiffins were traveling to be provided but alternatively. they were merely handed murphy bit battalions and confects. They were given instructions as to which locales held mass and activities in English but they could non understand what they saw and heard. We will write a custom essay sample on The 1997 World Youth Day in France Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It became a really exhausting experience for her and she found herself excessively exhausted to even understand what she went through. Before traveling back to Manila. she and a friend decided to backpack to Italy and tried to recover her spiritualty by sing the historical sites. She was shocked to happen that St. Catherine of Sienna’s organic structure was good integral at Minerva Church in Rome but her caput was preserved in St. Dominic’s Church in Sienna. This mutilation was done to delight the people who wanted their saint to stay amidst themselves†¦ selfishness for sainthood! Touring Rome made her feel even worse because of the many churches that contained tourers with cameras alternatively of people praying. She wanted to travel back to Manila at one time until a nun recommended that she make one last halt at Lanciano for the Eucharistic Miracle. There she saw no crowds lined up to see the staff of life which miraculously became human flesh and vino which became droplets of blood ( type AB and found to hold come from a living bosom ) . She eventually felt the comfort of God’s love in the bantam church with merely 3 other pilgrims praying to the Lord. It was so that she realized that engagement to many famed activities meant nil unless you find the Lord in yourself through supplication.

Multilingual Create a Secondary Language Profile on LinkedIn®

Multilingual Create a Secondary Language Profile on LinkedIn ® Are you bilingual or multilingual? The general rule on LinkedIn ® is that you may only have one profile; having multiple profiles is a violation of the Terms of Service that could get you booted off the site. However, there is one exception to that rule: the Secondary Language Profile. As of January 2013, over 64% of LinkedIn ® members are located outside of the US. Because such a large portion of users are multilingual and interested in connecting with people both inside and outside of English-speaking countries, LinkedIn ®Ã‚   allows users to set up additional LinkedIn ® profiles that cater to secondary languages. LinkedIn ® supports the following languages: English | Czech | Danish | Dutch | French| German | Indonesian | Italian | Japanese | Korean | Malay | Norwegian | Polish | Portuguese | Romanian | Russian| Spanish | Swedish| Tagalog | Turkish Click here for a list of languages supported by LinkedIn ® mobile applications. NOTE: You cannot change the default language of your profile once youve set it up in a particular language. Its recommended that you set up a secondary language profile instead. Creating a Profile in Another Language To create a profile in another language, go to your Profile page and click the down arrow to the right of your Edit Profile button. Select Create profile in another language:    Choose your language from the dropdown menu:    Youll also want to update your Professional Headline. Then click Create Profile. The language you select will determine the default language for your profile display and also the language in which you will receive messages from the LinkedIn Corporation. Content and messages will always be displayed in the language in which they are written. LinkedIn ® does not translate content or messages for you, so you will need to go through each section and update all necessary fields. Remember to save each section before continuing onto the next. When a member signs in to LinkedIn ® and views your profile, they will see it in the language you chose when you set up your account; or, if you have multiple profiles in several languages, viewers will see the one most relevant to them. The viewer has the ability to choose from your language profiles by selecting one from the dropdown menu underneath your profile photo.    All of your language profiles will show up in search engines and have their own URL. You can also delete a secondary language profile by select the language from this dropdown list. Just select Delete this profile link and click Delete. Let me know if this article was useful to you! Also note that the inspiration for this topic came from a question submitted by one of my readers so please do contribute your ideas if you have them! Finally, a Bonus Tip on Secondary Language Profiles has been added to the 7th Edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile coming soon!

Econometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Econometrics - Essay Example Moreover, private sector workers under unions, earn 1.8599 dollars more, due to their access collective bargaining power. In a nutshell, a unionized private worker will earn 2.2951 dollars higher than workers in other sectors. The model estimated above was less fit as the included variables explained only 2.96%, (and 2.55% when adjusted for degrees of freedom), of all changes occurring to earnings(R-squared = 0.0296). To improve the fitness, the interaction of union with gender (female) was included in the model The extended model shows that, in general female workers earn 5.6292 dollars less than their male counterparts. However, female workers with collective bargaining power (joined unions), earn 1.5519 more. In a nutshell it can be concluded that a female worker in the private sector and having access to collective bargaining power will earn 1.0179 (0.6547*1- 0.6195*1 -0.5692*1 +1.5519*1) more than their male counterparts in other

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 70

Art - Essay Example Also prominent in the film is the incorporation of technology in the work of art. As opposed to other people’s negative views on the use of technology such as optic devices in displaying or creating pieces of art, it is better to perceive it as an aspect of creativity rather than a cheating ordeal. Based on these contentious issues, the reflective essay aims to depict a personal position on Tim’s work in the context to his 17th century predecessor in the field of artwork, Johannes Vermeer. Judging from Jim’s work and stamina, passion, and creativity is what makes up an artist. The three individual dispositions prove to be instrumental in defining an artist. Tim employed everything he could in a bid to show that the work of his counterpart was made using optical devices. His passion and determination led to his discovery of his path in art. Profound and entertaining in equal proportion, Tim’s poses intriguing questions that inspires the reader and engage other artists. Therefore, he qualifies again as an artist due to his significant contribution to creating a wave of the influence of other artists into believing in his unique creations. The contemporary contradictory opinions perceive art, created with the help of technology as being weak in terms of originality and attraction. Many people tend to regard the act of incorporating technology in undertaking a piece of artwork as taking some short cut. An artist who embraces technology is also considered as less creative. Contrary to the popular opinion, it is imperative to consider the use of technology as a unique kind of art. Instead, people should not be quick to criticize but should open their minds to fresh techniques in the field of art. The question as to whether Johannes Vermeer used the optical devices or not should not be the focal point of discrediting or appreciating his work but should be an inspiring adventure to learn more techniques. Tim’s

Buoyancy of an Orange: Analysis

Buoyancy of an Orange: Analysis Joseph Wong Brendan Mullins Nathan Shoemaker Mike Dorazio Abdul Aldualeg Guillermo Venancio Buoyancy is the upward force from the water needed to stay afloat. Since pressure increases with depth, there is a higher pressure and the bottom of the volume of fluid than the top. The pressure difference results in a net force that will accelerate an object upward. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the pressure difference and is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, which is a property explained in Archimedes’ Principle. The first person to realize a concept that related to buoyant forces was Archimedes. Archimedes stated the basic concept of buoyant forces in his famous Archimedes’ Principle, which states that the weight of the fluid that anybody displaces when submerged either partially or fully, is equal to the buoyant force exerted on said body. This buoyant force is what allows any object to float on the surface of any liquid as long as the buoyant force is large enough of counter the weight of the object; otherwise, it will sink. A good example of this principle is a floating aircraft carrier. Although the ship is made out of heavy steel, it is constructed so that there is a large amount of open space in it to stay afloat. In addition, what determines whether the object is heavier than the buoyant force is its density. Density, by definition, is the mass of the object per unit volume that the object takes up and is denoted by the Greek letter Ï  (rho). Since the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object, if the submerged object is denser than the water, it will sink because it has a greater weight than the water displaced. In this experiment, we test this theory buy using a common orange. One can think of the peel of an orange like a life jacket that might keep you afloat while in the river. The density indicates how close the atoms of the object are packed together. In the case of an orange, the atoms of the peel are not packed near as closely as the actual fruit, causing it to float when the unpeeled orange is placed in the water. This project involves two oranges, weighing approximately 0.49 pounds each. When dropped in water, it can be observed that both oranges float when they are unpeeled. In an orange, the peel is a spongy material and has tiny pockets of air, which makes the density of orange less than the density of the water, in turn, causing it to float. When the second orange is peeled and dropped in water, it sinks to the bottom of the container. This simple experiment is a great way to demonstrate buoyancy and density. The orange is enclosed in a porous rind, which has a spongy look and feel and contains air pockets, which help to provide buoyancy to the floating orange. When the unpeeled orange is put into the water then the air pockets of the rind fill themselves with air, the submerged orange is activated as a life jacket, the orange is saved from drowning into the water, and it floats on the surface. The similar concept is used in the life jackets, which help the humans to stay afloat in the waters. All the people riding on the boats or travelling in the sea are educated and advised to have a Personal Floating Device (PFD) with them so that in case of emergencies they can be save d from any kind of mishap. It is very interesting to note here that most of the deaths that occur on the waters are not far away from the shore but they occur quite near the shore, on the inland waters within a radius of about a 50 m from the shore due to the sheer negligence of the swimmers because of their insistence on not wearing a life jacket. The thing to note here is that the efficiency and the coverage of the state on the waters is so amazing that the state does not allow any passenger on the waters to stay on board without a life jacket. There is an exemption to the passengers if they are staying in the cabin or any other closed place on a boat. The state offers a guidebook for the travelers and the passengers on the waters and it clearly states and advises the presence and wearing life jackets so no loss of any kind or any other harm can take place. So, what is in a life jacket that it has become a serious part of any passenger’s life that commences his trip on the waters? The life jacket provides the extra buoyancy needed for the person to stay afloat and save himself from drowning. The life jacket is filled with air on the inner side, which helps to control the relationship b/w the buoyant force and that of the person floating. It helps to carry the weight of the person floating above the water so that his or her weight does not become a serious concern and drowns the person. Gone are the times when one would have to wear inflated life jackets that were also heavy and bulky and were also a problem for the person to wear and be comfortable with it, with each passing day the scientists are very much concerned about the welfare and well-being of the people so they are developing new up to the mark jackets that are easy to wear, inflate themselves in water, are very comfortable with huge arm outlets to ease the movement in the waters. Nowadays one has to ensure the presence of different personal floating devices for different purposes i.e. for inland water use, for staying on board, for float purposes. The life jacket is not a fit for all object, it is to be chosen for people of different ages and sizes. It provides inflation according to the buoyant force needed for the person to stay afloat. One of the biggest advantages of having a life jacket is that it comes in shiny colors that are visible for the rescue staff and it is easier for them to save the drowning or in danger person. On board staff are advised to have some floating aid for the people drowning in the waters so that they can provide support to them in the hour of need and can save a human life with the instant aid. The state ensures that all the people must have some sort of floating aid and for that, the lifeguards as well as the coast guards are advised to ensure the usage of the life jackets and their presence on the boat. Caring about the life jacket is a very important part. The life jacket that is not in a good shape and is torn or have some cuts on it can be of great danger to the user as it can cause the drowning so the life jacket must be properly checked and it should be ensured that they work properly before someone takes a dive into the waters. The safety of the person depends a lot on the reliability of the device that is being employed to save the person from drowning. The basic thing needed for the proper use of the life jackets and their importance in saving the lives of many is conveying the proper education and information to the people on board and to those venturing the waters for any reason whatsoever. The lifeguards and the coast guards should give proper lessons to all the people around the waters. They should arrange a session for all the people that are new to the waters so that their lives can be saved by just a simple precaution of wearing a life jacket. It is easier to save so many just by educating them because every life matters. It can be summarized as the buoyant force generated in case of an orange residing on the surface of the water is basically given by the rind of the fruit which has air pockets and when the fruit is submerged into the water then air pockets are full and the necessary buoyant force is applicable to the weight of the orange and it stays afloat. Life jackets are a useful part of the people travelling on shore and it has to stay with them in the hour of need so that they can save themselves from any difficulty on staying above water or any other danger of drowning. There should be education concerning the proper use of the personal assistance device which helps is saving lives. In addition, the people associated with the business should be given proper instruction to ensure the use of the device. Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/outdoor-activities/water-sports/life-jacket1.htm http://www.ehow.com/info_12045878_science-projects-kids-floating-oranges.html

Vergil as the Greatest of all Latin Poets

Vergil is generally acknowledged as the greatest of all Latin poets. He was famous in his own lifetime and was the first poet in the history of Latin literature to be the subject of lectures given by a contemporary teacher. There seemed to be a great deal of interest in him and on his rare appearances in Rome he was pointed out in the streets as if he were a celebrity. However, in his private life he was know to be very shy and preferred the quiet countryside to the pandemonium of Rome. He was born as Publius Vergilius Maro in Andes, a small village, near Mantua (Mantova), Italy on October 15, 70 BC. He had two brothers; Silo, who died in his childhood, and Flaccus, who lived to be a young man. Vergil's father, a potter and cattle farmer, worked hard to provide his son with an Aristocratic education. After he completed his studies in Cremona and Milan, Vergil went to Rome to study law and rhetoric at Epidius' academy. It was in Rome that he met Gaius Maecenas, a Roman statesman and patron of the arts, who saw Vergil's promise of greatness and sponsored his education. In addition he developed a friendship with Octavian, who later became Emperor Augustus. While in Rome, he studied alongside many prominent poets including Gaius Cornelius Gallus, Horace, and Lucius Varius Rufus. After leaving Rome, Vergil went to Naples to study under Siro. Here, he studied philosophy and also became a member of a group of Epicurean thinkers outside Naples. This group gathered in Campania, at a retreat known as â€Å"the Garden†, under the leadership of Siro, Vergil's teacher and friend. Originally, Vergil wanted to study law but he gave up after pleading only one court case and devoted himself to philosophy and literature. He spent most of his life in the countryside of Campania, but kept a house on the Esquiline Hill in Rome, which was given to him by his friend and patron Maecenas. He wrote three major works in his lifetime. Early in his career he wrote the Ecologues, a book of 10 pastoral poems. This was followed by the Georgics, a didactic poem on farm life. His last and greatest work was the Aeneid, a mythological epic poem describing the seven-year wanderings of the hero Aeneas. Vergil's first major work was composed between 42 and 37 BC. This was a ten book pastoral poem know as the Eclogues or Bucolic. It was modeled on the Idylls of Theocritus, an Alexandrian poet. Vergil's emphasis is on graceful rhymes and the description of a romantic setting in northern Italy, but he also added many realistic details such as, his father's eviction from his farm due to political seizure. The most famous of The Ecolouges, The fourth celebrates the birth of a child who is destined to usher in a new Golden Age of peace and goodwill. Critics have made definite connections between Vergil's fictional characters and real people. Some have suggested that the divine birth refers to Mark Anthony, or possibly Vergil's friend Octavian, who became Augustus, Rome's first emperor. Still others see this divine birth as a reference to the birth of Christ. His next major work was the Georgics, or Art of Husbandry, which was written from 36 to 29 BC. It is a four-book poem that described the life of a farmer. Its inspiration is said to come from the Greek poet Hesiod's Works and Days. Vergil's position as the leading poet of the age was confirmed with the Georgics publication. The poem deals with planting, caring for orchards and vineyards, stock management, and beekeeping. However, the main emphasis is on the values of Roman life, particularly the work ethic. The poem was designed to be universal in scope with the topics of war, peace, death and resurrection concluding each book. Vergil devoted his last ten years to the composition of the Aeneid. This is his last and, by far, best known work. It was written between the years of 30 to 19 BC in twelve books. Modeled after Homer's epics, the Iliad and the Odessey, the Aeneid is a mythological epic describing the seven-year wanderings of the Roman hero Aeneas, from the fall of Troy to his military victory in Italy. Aeneas, while central to the story, is more symbolic than realistic. His character exists to tell the story of the founding of Rome and to personify the Roman values of duty and responsibility. In the story, Aeneas escaped from Troy carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his young son Ascanius by the hand. He brought together a fleet of Trojans and sailed the eastern Mediterranean Sea to Thrace, Crete, Epirus, and Sicily before being shipwrecked on the coast of Africa. Here Dido, the queen of Carthage, fell in love with Aeneas. The two began to live together as husband and wife and Aeneas intended to make Carthage his home. Jupiter, king of the gods, warned Aeneas that he must leave Dido in order to continue on his destined mission to found Rome. In despair, Dido killed herself when Aeneas departed for Italy. After landing at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy, Aeneas killed Turnus, the king of the Rutulians, in a war for the hand of Lavinia, who was the princess of Latium. According to Vergil, the Romans were direct descendents of Ascanius, the founder of Alba Longa, the mother city of Rome. The Aeneid is usually considered the first great literary epic, unlike the Iliad, which in essence is a work of oral poetry. The Aeneid was written as a deliberate attempt to glorify Rome at the request of Augustus Ceasar. The historical elements are especially prominent in books five through eight, the central portion of the poem. The Aeneid became a classic in its own day. All of Rome, particularly the royal family, followed the progress of the epic. Vergil would read aloud from rough drafts of the Aeneid to Augustus, his sister, Octavia, and Maecenas. As he refined his work during his later years, the poet led a comfortable life, devoting himself to historical research. In 19 BC, Vergil set out on a trip to Greece and Asia with the intention of revising his masterpiece. In Athens, he met Augustus and unfortunately became very ill during his stay in Greece. Augustus escorted his friend back to Brundisium, Italy, where he died before his epic could be revised to his satisfaction. To prevent the Aeneid from being read in rough form, Vergil left instructions that it be destroyed. Augustus, realizing the value of this work, intervened before this request could be carried out and assigned two of Vergil's poet friends, Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, to edit the manuscript for publication. The work was completed near the end of 18 BC. It achieved immediate acceptance throughout the Mediterranean as the definitive Roman epic. On his deathbed, Vergil immortalized himself with a short epitaph, which his friends inscribed above his grave. It ends with this line: â€Å"I sang of pastures, farms and rulers†. This became a touching summary of his three great works.

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Compare and Contrast

Night and Boy in the Striped Pajamas Comparison Night by Elie Wiesel and the movie The Boy in the Striped Pajamas show two extremely interesting perspectives towards the Holocaust. Night was a non-fiction novel written by a Jewish boy who was in an actual concentration camp. The Boy in the Striped Pajamas was a movie based off of a fiction novel written by John Boyne that tells the story of a Nazi soldier’s son named Bruno that befriends a Jewish boy he meets at a nearby concentration camp.Within the two stories, there were differences in perspective, mood, and overall message. Because Elie and Bruno come from very different origins, their perspective in the stories are very different. Being taken out of his home and put through the terrors of a concentration camp, Elie and the other Jews involved saw Nazis as extremely horrid people. The Nazi soldiers were the antagonists in Night. However, in The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, Bruno and the rest of his family were Germans, even his father was a Nazi soldier.Bruno and his family throughout most of the story had no idea what the Nazis were doing to the Jews; they saw the Nazis as people helping their country. Not until the end of the movie did the family realize the terrible things the Nazis were doing to the Jews. Movies provide things like mood and tone that words in a book just can’t provide. In Night, Elie attempts to present his voice through his writing. But, when you don’t have the senses of sight and sound, it is difficult to understand the mood the writer is trying to portray.In the Boy in the Striped Pajamas, through the cinematography, music, and tone of the actors’ voices, you can easily distinct what the mood was. I believe that Night and The Boy in the Striped Pajamas each had their own message to share, and their messages had both similarities and differences. Elie Wiesel wrote the book to tell people about the terrifying and horrific events that took place in his life an d to try to prevent anything like the Holocaust from happening again.The Boy in the Striped Pajamas showed the importance of friendship and it provided a perspective that many people hadn’t thought about before. Viewers were exposed to what many Germans went through in finding out what happened to the Jews. Night and The Boy in the Striped Pajamas show two extremely interesting perspectives towards the Holocaust when it came to perspective, mood, and final message. Even though they have their differences, they still provided a story that teach people about the tragedy that happened during the Holocaust and humbles those people.

Allelopathic Effect of Tree of Heaven on Radish Seed Free Essay Example, 2750 words

From the regression analysis, it is clear that the growth length of the root of the raddish seeds and the concentration of the toxins from the altissima are strongly negatively correlated. It is clear that the growth in root length is significantly affected by the concentration of toxins from the altissima (R2=0.93), P= p=0.001). As the concentration of the toxins produced by altissima increases, the rate of root length reduces significantly. It is observed that raddish seeds growth in root length is highest at the lowest concentration. However, the highest germination percentages were noted in a condition of distilled water and at low toxin concentration. Toxin concentration significantly caused a significant impact on the rate of growth in root length decreasing with the increasing concentration. At higher concentration, the rate of increase in root length in the raddish seeds was significantly lower relative to lower concentration. It is worth noting that seeds tend to recover, f ollowing their transfer from the concentrated environment to the distilled water. Final recovery percentages of germination in higher concentration treatments were found to be significantly higher as compared to the none-concentrated controls. We will write a custom essay sample on Allelopathic Effect of Tree of Heaven on Radish Seed or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now This indicates that the exposure of the seeds to higher concentration tend to permanently inhibit root growth. It is also clear that the pH values of the aqueous extracts affect root growth. It was also observed that there was a strong correlation between the concentration of toxins from the altissima and germination. Statistically, it is observed that root growth is significantly affected by the concentration of altissima (R2=0.93), p=0.001). However, the highest rate of germination was noted in a condition of low concentration. Concentration significantly roots growth with the rate of root growth decreasing with the increasing concentration. At higher concentration, the root growth rate was significantly lower relative to lower concentration. Notably, seeds tend to recover well in terms of root growth, following their transfer from the altissima concentrated environment to the distilled water.